追尾碰撞中头枕倾角对乘员颈部损伤的影响-《中国医学物理学杂志》

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Title:: Effect of headrest inclination angle on occupant neck injury in rear-end collisions

文章编号:: 1005-202X（2026）03-0364-08

作者:: 崔世海1; 2; 丁琦1; 2; 李海岩1; 2; 贺丽娟1; 2; 吕文乐1; 2; 1.天津科技大学机械工程学院，天津 300222； 2.现代汽车安全技术国际联合研究中心，天津 300222

Author(s):: CUI Shihai1; 2; DING Qi1; 2; LI Haiyan1; 2; HE Lijuan1; 2; L?Wenle1; 2; 1. College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, China 2. International Research Association on Emerging Automotive Safety Technology, Tianjin 300222, China

关键词:: 头颈部有限元模型; 头枕倾角; 颈部损伤; 有限元分析; 追尾碰撞

Keywords:: Keywords: head-neck finite element model headrest inclination angle neck injury finite element analysis rear-end collision

分类号:: R318.01

DOI:: DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-202X.2026.03.014

文献标志码:: A

摘要:: 目的：探究汽车追尾碰撞时头枕倾角对乘员头颈部运动学和生物力学响应的影响。方法：通过构建头颈部有限元模型，结合C-NCAP（2024版）鞭打试验工况，设置不同头枕倾角（100°~150°）时头颈部的追尾碰撞仿真试验，分析不同头枕倾角时乘员颈部的生物力学响应和运动学响应，如全颈椎（C1~C7）剪切力、轴向力、弯矩、上下颈椎相对速度与加速度、颈部组织应力分布以及颈部的NIC和Nkm等指标，揭示不同头部倾角时乘员颈部的损伤特征与机理。结果：随着头枕倾角的增大，上下颈椎相对速度和加速度降低，颈部屈伸角度逐渐减小，颈部损伤指标NIC降低，Nkm呈增-减-增趋势，而颈部椎骨、脊髓等的应力以及不同韧带等的应变指标呈现复杂的变化趋势；当头枕倾角在120°~130°时，颈椎所受剪切力和弯矩有所增加，其颈椎和脊髓的应力也出现明显峰值波动。结论：座椅头枕倾角变化对颈部损伤影响具有复杂性，研究其损伤时应结合应力应变指标和NIC、Nkm等指标综合考虑。在倾角约120°时应考虑合理头枕设计以缓解颈部受力。该研究为头枕设计优化、提升车辆安全性能以及相关安全法规的完善提供基础。

Abstract:: Abstract: Objective To investigate the effects of headrest inclination angles on occupant head-neck kinematic and biomechanical responses in rear-end collisions. Methods A head-neck finite element model was developed. In accordance with the whiplash test conditions specified in C-NCAP (2024 Edition), the rear-end collision simulation experiments of the head and neck were conducted under various headrest inclination angles ranging from 100° to 150°. The biomechanical and kinematic responses of the occupants neck under various headrest inclination angles were analyzed, including the shear force, axial force, and bending moment of the entire cervical spine (C1-C7), the relative velocity and acceleration between the upper and lower cervical vertebrae, the stress distribution in the neck tissues, as well as neck injury criteria (NIC) and Nkm. The characteristics and mechanisms of occupants neck injury under different headrest inclination angles were further revealed. Results With increasing headrest inclination angle, the relative velocity and acceleration between the upper and lower cervical vertebrae decreased the neck flexion-extension angle gradually reduced the NIC declined Nkm showed an increase-decrease-increase trend and the stress in the cervical vertebrae, bone cord, and other neck structures, as well as the strain in various ligaments, exhibited complex variation trends. When the headrest inclination angle was between 120° and 130°, the shear force and bending moment acting on the cervical vertebrae increased, and the stress in the cervical vertebrae and spinal cord also showed significant peak fluctuations. Conclusion The variation in headrest inclination angle has a complex effect on neck injuries. Stress-strain indicators and metrics such as NIC and Nkm should be comprehensively considered in relevant injury studies. When the inclination angle is approximately 120°, a rational headrest design should be considered to reduce neck loading. This study provides a foundation for the optimization of headrest design, the improvement of vehicle safety performance, and the revision of related safety regulations.

《中国医学物理学杂志》[ISSN:1005-202X/CN:44-1351/R]

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